Demand for chemical fertilizers is enormously mounting day-by-day in developing countries like Pakistan. Chemical fertilizers not only deteriorate the soil micro flora, fauna but also cause environmental pollution, water pollution, health problems as well as increase the cost of production. So, there is an urgent need to find out the alternate to these hazardous chemicals. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the heterogeneous group of bacteria that rapidly colonize the rhizosphere and provide direct or indirect protection to the crop plants. Seed treatment with PGPR not only significantly enhanced the rate of seed germination but also provided protection against pathogenic microorganisms. It has been documented that PGPR significantly enhanced the nutrients and water uptake ability as well as yield of many crops. PGPR shows promising results by creating a symbiotic relationship with other beneficial microorganism, increasing nitrogen fixation and increasing the supply of primary, secondary and micronutrients. PGPR is an interesting aspect to research for scientists and now-a-days a number of PGPR formulations are commercially available. Many scientists illustrated the role of PGPR as growth promoting agents. The current review demonstrates the role of PGPR as an efficient alternate to hazardous chemical fertilizers for eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture.
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PGPR: Biocontrol and Biofertilization
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Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have gained worldwide importance and acceptance for agricultural benefits. This is due to the emerging demand for dependence diminishing of synthetic chemical products, to the growing necessity of sustainable agriculture within a holistic vision of development and to focalize environmental protection. Scientific researches involve multidisciplinary approaches to understand adaptation of PGPR, effects on plant physiology and growth, induced systemic resistance, biocontrol of plant pathogens, biofertilization, and potential green alternative for plant productivity, viability of coinoculating, plant microorganism interactions, and mechanisms of root colonization. By virtue of their rapid rhizosphere colonization and stimulation of plant growth, there is currently considerable interest in exploiting these rhizosphere bacteria to improve crop production. The main groups of PGPR can be found along with the phyla Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Therefore, the examples coming up next are related to these microorganisms. Although taxonomic affiliation of validated genera containing PGPR strains described in literature is vast, phenotypic and genotypic approaches are now available to characterize these different rhizobacteria. The progress to date in using PGPR in a variety of applications is summarized and discussed here.
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